Quick Remedy Finder for Haemorrhoids (Piles)
For piles, the most useful homeopathic clues are usually what the pile looks like, whether bleeding or congestion dominates, what the stool does to it, how long symptoms last after stool, and whether cold or warmth gives the clearest relief.
- Aesculus – Large, purple, congested piles with dryness, fullness and a “stick/foreign body” feeling in the rectum, often with sacral or lower-back aching. Bleeding may be slight; pain and pressure can persist after stool and prolonged standing aggravates. [1]
- Hamamelis virginiana – Piles that are bluish, bruised and very sore, with dark passive venous bleeding. Even modest bleeding can leave marked weakness. Cold, pressure, rest and elevation relieve; heat and standing aggravate. [2]
- Paeonia officinalis – Purple, exquisitely tender piles with a raw, cracked or ulcerated anus, acrid moisture and pains that continue for a long time—sometimes hours—after stool. Warm bathing and soft cushioning relieve. [3]
- Collinsonia canadensis – Large protruding piles strongly linked with hard, dry constipation and straining, plus a “sharp sticks or splinters in the rectum” sensation. Itching can be intense at night; cold bathing and a freer stool help. [4]
- Aloe socotrina – Large blue protruding piles, classically described as a “bunch of grapes”, with rectal fullness, burning/raw soreness and weak sphincter control; gas may feel unsafe because stool can escape with it. Cold compresses relieve. [5]
- Muriaticum acidum – Blue/livid protruding piles that are so touch-sensitive that even a sheet can feel unbearable, with dark bleeding and throbbing/smarting after stool. The wider picture may include marked exhaustion or weakness. [6]
Additional differentials: Rhatanhia for knife/glass-like burning after stool with bright bleeding and strong relief from cold water—often suggesting a fissure component; Sulphur for hot, burning, itching piles worse warmth of bed/standing and better cold; Calcarea fluorica for chronic knotty purple piles and fissures with a structural/venous weakness picture; Carduus marianus when piles track alcohol, rich meals and right-sided liver/portal congestion; and Polygonum for hot smarting bleeding piles with tenesmus, sitting aggravation and cool applications relieving. [7][8][9][10][11]
Piles are common—but not every anal symptom is a pile
Haemorrhoids are enlarged or displaced vascular cushions inside or around the anal canal. They can cause bright-red bleeding, itching, mucus, a feeling of incomplete emptying, lumps or prolapse, soreness and sometimes pain. [12][14]
Internal and external haemorrhoids behave differently. Internal piles commonly bleed or prolapse but are often not sharply painful. External piles can become very painful if they thrombose. The 2026 AGA review makes an important diagnostic point: sharp pain during or after defecation is more typical of an anal fissure than uncomplicated haemorrhoids. [13]
That distinction matters for this article because remedies such as Paeonia and Rhatanhia contain both pile and fissure material. A remedy may fit the symptom pattern, but persistent sharp pain or unexplained bleeding still deserves a proper diagnosis rather than being labelled “piles” automatically.
The Five-Part Pile Profile
Before choosing a remedy—or buying another cream—map the flare using five observations:
- Bleed: No bleeding, bright red spotting, or dark passive oozing?
- Bulge: Nothing visible, a small external lump, a pile that comes out with stool then returns, or one that must be pushed back?
- Feel: Fullness, bruised soreness, burning/itching, raw ulceration, knife-like pain or extreme touch sensitivity?
- Bowel: Hard dry constipation, repeated straining, soft/gushing stool, mucus, or incomplete emptying?
- After: Immediate relief after stool, hours of pain afterwards, bleeding that relieves congestion, or prolapse that remains?
This profile creates a clear remedy map. Aesculus is dry/full/congested. Hamamelis bleeds and feels bruised. Paeonia is raw and ulcerated with long after-pain. Collinsonia is constipation-driven. Aloe combines prolapse with weak rectal control. Muriaticum acidum is blue and extraordinarily touch-sensitive. [1][2][3][4][5][6]
Interactive Haemorrhoids Remedy Finder
This remedy finder uses several short steps. It checks bleeding, prolapse, pain quality, bowel pattern, temperature response and what happens after stool before producing a remedy or small remedy differential.
Main Homeopathic Remedy Pictures for Haemorrhoids
Aesculus – dry congested piles with rectal fullness and backache
Aesculus has one of the clearest classic haemorrhoid pictures in the entire 487-remedy archive. Its rectum section is centred on congestion, dryness, burning and fullness, with a sensation as if dry sticks or a foreign body were lodged inside. Piles can be large, purple, blind or bleeding and may protrude. [1]
The important distinguishing feature is that the rectal complaint often joins a sacral or lower-back ache. Pain and pressure may continue for hours after stool, while long standing increases pelvic/venous congestion. This is different from Hamamelis, where dark bleeding and bruised soreness dominate, and from Collinsonia, where hard constipation and straining are much more central.
Hamamelis virginiana – dark bleeding and bruised venous soreness
Hamamelis is the strongest bleeding/venous remedy in this group. The source describes external bluish piles that are tender and sore to touch and bleed freely with dark venous blood. The sensation is more bruised and aching than sharply cutting. [2]
Cold applications, pressure, rest and elevation help; heat, standing, exertion and dependent positions aggravate. Another useful clue is disproportionate weakness after even modest blood loss. If the bleeding is bright and the pain is knife-like after stool, Rhatanhia becomes a better comparison.
Paeonia officinalis – raw ulcerated piles with hours of pain after stool
Paeonia was one of the densest haemorrhoid records in the whole Materia Medica search. Its centre is an anus that is raw, cracked, ulcerated and exquisitely tender. Piles may be purple, sore and bleeding, with acrid or fetid moisture that makes wiping unbearable. [3]
The keynote is the after-stool clock: pain continues long after the bowel movement—burning, tearing, stitching or spasm for an hour or more. Warm bathing and soft cushions help. Because severe post-defecation pain can also indicate a fissure, a persistent Paeonia-like pattern should not be assumed to be “just piles” without examination.
Collinsonia canadensis – piles built around constipation and straining
Collinsonia’s source is remarkably coherent: large protruding blind or bleeding piles, burning/itching, a sensation of sharp sticks in the rectum and obstinate constipation with dry hard lumps and much straining. [4]
The itching can be intolerable at night, driving the person to cold washing or cold cloths. Pregnancy, standing, tight clothing, warm rooms, rich foods and constipation aggravate; after stool or haemorrhoidal bleeding, pelvic pressure can ease. If a pile problem only flares when stools become hard and the person repeatedly strains, Collinsonia should be much higher on the differential than a generic “bleeding pile” remedy.
Aloe socotrina – protruding grape-like piles with weak rectal control
Aloe’s rectum is characterised by fullness, pressure and weakness of the anal sphincter. The piles are large, blue, protruding and sore, classically described as a “bunch of grapes”, with burning/rawness and anal itching. [5]
The bowel pattern matters: stool may be soft, jelly-like or gushing, with sudden irresistible urgency and a sense that passing wind is unsafe because stool may escape. That is very different from the hard-constipation pattern of Collinsonia or Aesculus. Cold compresses relieve, while heat and sedentary habits aggravate.
Muriaticum acidum – blue piles that cannot bear touch
Muriaticum acidum gives perhaps the most striking touch modality in the group. Piles are large, blue or livid, protruding and so exquisitely sensitive that even sheet contact may feel intolerable. They may bleed darkly after stool, with smarting and throbbing that continue afterwards. [6]
The wider source often includes marked exhaustion, weakness or a low-vitality state. Hamamelis can also be blue and bleeding, but is more bruised and venous; Muriaticum acidum is more hypersensitive and prostrated.
Additional and Narrower Remedy Differentials
Rhatanhia – knife/glass after-pain relieved by cold water
Rhatanhia is a very useful differential when the person calls the problem “piles” but the symptom pattern sounds fissure-like: hard stool opens the outlet, then follows hours of burning or cutting like knives or broken glass, often with bright-red bleeding. Cold water and firm pressure relieve; warm local applications can aggravate. [7]
Because sharp post-stool pain is often more typical of fissure than haemorrhoids, this is exactly the sort of presentation where diagnosis matters. [13][27]
Sulphur – hot itching burning piles, worse warmth
Sulphur has burning, itching, stinging haemorrhoids, often with a red excoriated anus, worse standing, warmth of bed and general heat, and better cold applications/open air. [8]
It becomes stronger when the piles sit within the wider Sulphur pattern: heat intolerance, burning feet, unhealthy itchy skin, constipation alternating with an early-morning stool and broad aggravation from warm rooms.
Calcarea fluorica – chronic knotty purple piles with structural weakness
Calcarea fluorica is a chronic structural/venous picture: purple knotty piles worse standing, sometimes with fissures or hard anal tags, alongside varicose veins, ligament laxity or other “hardness + laxity” tissue features. Heat and support help; cold damp aggravates. [9]
Carduus marianus – piles linked with alcohol, rich food and portal congestion
Carduus has congested piles, sometimes with dark bleeding, but its real differentiator is the wider digestive/liver picture: bitter mornings, right-sided upper-abdominal heaviness/tenderness and clear aggravation from alcohol or fatty rich food. [10]
Polygonum – hot smarting bleeding piles with tenesmus
Polygonum is a narrower acute differential when piles feel hot, raw and “peppered”, bleed on slight straining and are accompanied by repeated urging/tenesmus. Sitting and warmth aggravate; cool applications relieve. [11]
The bowel habit is usually more important than the cream
The most consistent first-line advice across current guidance is simple: keep stool soft, reduce straining and stop spending unnecessary time on the toilet. The NHS, the 2026 AGA update and current colorectal guidance all emphasise these measures. [12][13][15]
This has evidence behind it. A systematic review of seven randomised trials found fibre reduced persistent haemorrhoid symptoms and approximately halved the risk of bleeding compared with control. [16]
Constipation is also more common in people with haemorrhoids than controls. A 2022 systematic review found functional constipation and higher anal pressures were more prevalent in haemorrhoid patients, suggesting bowel dysfunction can remain relevant even after a procedure such as banding. [17]
Increase fibre gradually, because suddenly doubling fibre can create bloating and wind. Use fruit, vegetables, wholegrains, beans, lentils, nuts and seeds, and drink enough fluid for the extra fibre to stay soft rather than becoming a larger dry stool. [15]
The toilet-timing reset
Piles are one of the few conditions where “how you sit on the toilet” often matters less than how long you stay there and how hard you push.
- Go when there is a genuine urge.
- Do not keep pushing to produce “one more bit”.
- Do not turn toilet time into phone time.
- If nothing is happening without force, get up and try again later.
- Keep the abdomen relaxed rather than bracing shoulders and face.
Guy’s and St Thomas’ advises avoiding prolonged toilet sitting and straining and suggests trying again later if a bowel movement is not coming easily. [15] Observational studies also associate longer toilet time and excessive straining with more severe haemorrhoidal disease, though that cannot prove cause by itself. [25]
A small footstool can make the position feel easier for some people, but a randomised constipation study found that changing posture with a footstool did not universally improve simulated defecation. The evidence is therefore not strong enough to claim that a footstool fixes constipation or piles for everyone. [26] The main target remains soft stool + low straining + short toilet time.
Warm bath, cold pack—or whatever actually soothes?
The NHS suggests both a warm bath for itching/pain and a wrapped cold pack for discomfort. [12] This is sensible comfort care, but the evidence for formal sitz-bath treatment is surprisingly weak.
A systematic review of randomised studies found no strong evidence that sitz baths meaningfully reduce pain or accelerate healing in adult anorectal disorders, although patients often liked using them and serious adverse effects were not reported. [18]
So use temperature as comfort rather than dogma. This is also useful homeopathically: Hamamelis, Aloe, Sulphur, Polygonum and Rhatanhia often prefer cooling locally, while Paeonia is more strongly soothed by warm bathing.
Witch hazel, creams and OTC pile products: relief is not the same as strong evidence
People commonly search for witch hazel, hydrocortisone, anaesthetic gels, suppositories and “natural pile creams”. The 2026 AGA review says topical anaesthetics, astringents such as witch hazel, corticosteroids and vasoactive preparations can be considered for symptom relief, but the supporting clinical data are limited. [13]
That means witch hazel is not necessarily useless; it means the internet often presents it with more certainty than the evidence deserves.
If a product contains a steroid, use it for the recommended short duration rather than continuously. If a cream causes burning, rash or worsening irritation, stop it. And if bleeding is persistent, do not keep masking it with topical products without confirming the diagnosis.
Flavonoids and diosmin: more evidence than most “natural pile supplements”, but still not magic
Venoactive flavonoid products such as micronised purified flavonoid fraction (MPFF, commonly containing diosmin/hesperidin) have been studied more extensively than most supplements marketed for piles.
A 2020 systematic review/meta-analysis found improvements in several haemorrhoid symptoms including bleeding and discharge, although study quality and designs varied. [19] A broader systematic review of recurrence and pharmacological treatment also found phlebotonics among the better-supported medical options, while highlighting substantial variation in recurrence data. [20]
A 2024 meta-analysis in people recovering from haemorrhoidectomy found flavonoids reduced postoperative pain and bleeding across the included trials, but the authors still called for better standardisation and research. [21]
These results should not be translated into “eat citrus and piles disappear”. The research concerns specific medicinal flavonoid formulations and doses, not ordinary dietary intake.
Piles in pregnancy: constipation control first
Pregnancy increases pressure in the pelvis and makes piles much more common. The NHS advises keeping stool soft with fibre and fluids, avoiding straining, avoiding long periods of sitting/standing, using regular activity and cleaning the area gently after stool. [24]
The 2026 AGA update likewise recommends conservative treatment in pregnancy—fibre, constipation management and appropriate topical symptom relief—before considering procedures unless there is a compelling reason. [13]
For homeopathic differentiation, Collinsonia, Aesculus, Paeonia, Hamamelis and Muriaticum acidum all have pregnancy/puerperal haemorrhoid material in the IQ Homeopathy source, but they remain distinguishable by constipation, bleeding, rawness, backache and touch sensitivity rather than by pregnancy alone. [1][2][3][4][6]
When a very painful lump appears suddenly
Severe sudden pain with a tense external lump can be a thrombosed external haemorrhoid. This is different from the usual painless bleeding of internal piles.
A 2026 systematic review/meta-analysis comparing operative and non-operative treatment of thrombosed external haemorrhoids found surgery was associated with lower recurrence, although bleeding outcomes were similar. [23] Current reviews suggest early surgical treatment can provide faster relief for selected patients with severe acute thrombosis. [14][22]
This is not a situation where a remedy finder should delay assessment if the pain is extreme. The NHS advises emergency help for severe pain, non-stop bleeding, large amounts of blood or large clots. [12]
When conservative care is not enough
Internal haemorrhoids are commonly graded by prolapse: grade I remain inside, grade II prolapse but return spontaneously, grade III require manual reduction and grade IV remain prolapsed. The grade is useful, but symptoms and patient preference also matter. [14]
If fibre, bowel-habit changes and symptom relief are not enough, office procedures can treat internal piles. Rubber-band ligation, sclerotherapy and infrared coagulation are common options. Current guidance considers banding one of the most effective office procedures for persistent grade I–II and selected grade III disease. [13][14][28]
Larger, recurrent or mixed internal/external disease may need surgery. The aim of an integrative approach is not to avoid procedures at all costs; it is to reduce the bowel strain and recurrence drivers while using the least invasive effective treatment for the actual grade and symptoms.
A seven-day flare log
For recurrent piles, a short log usually tells you more than trying three creams at once.
- Stool: hard, normal, loose, mucus, repeated small stools?
- Straining: none, mild, significant?
- Toilet time: roughly how many minutes?
- Bleeding: none, bright spotting, dark oozing?
- Prolapse: none, returns itself, pushed back, remains out?
- Sensation: full, bruised, burning/itching, raw, knife-like, extremely touch-sensitive?
- After stool: relief, immediate pain, hours of pain?
- Relief: cold, warm bath, lying down, pressure, after bleeding, after a softer stool?
For homeopathy, the final three lines—sensation, after-stool timing and relief—often differentiate more accurately than the size of the pile itself.
When rectal bleeding needs checking
Bright-red blood after stool can come from piles, but bleeding should not automatically be self-diagnosed. The NHS advises medical review if piles are worsening, not improving, recurring, or if there is a new change around the anus. It also advises urgent help for painless rectal bleeding, pus, feverish illness, non-stop bleeding, large amounts of blood or clots. [12]
Sharp pain with stool and burning afterwards may be fissure rather than piles. Constant throbbing pain, pus and fever can suggest an abscess/fistula. [27]
New rectal bleeding, a persistent change in bowel habit, unexplained weight loss, anaemia symptoms or bleeding that does not fit your previous pattern deserves conventional assessment rather than repeated self-treatment.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the best homeopathic remedy for piles?
There is no single best remedy. Aesculus is strong for dry congested purple piles with fullness and backache; Hamamelis for dark venous bleeding and bruised soreness; Paeonia for raw ulcerated tenderness and long after-stool pain; Collinsonia for constipation-driven piles; Aloe for protruding grape-like piles with weak rectal control; and Muriaticum acidum for blue piles that cannot bear touch. [1][2][3][4][5][6]
Does fibre really help piles?
Yes. A systematic review of randomised trials found fibre reduced persistent symptoms and bleeding compared with control. Increase fibre gradually and drink enough fluid. [16]
Is witch hazel proven for haemorrhoids?
Not strongly. The 2026 AGA review says astringents such as witch hazel and other topical products can be considered for symptom relief, but clinical data supporting them are limited. [13]
Can constipation cause haemorrhoids?
Constipation and straining are strongly associated with haemorrhoidal disease. A systematic review found functional constipation more common in haemorrhoid patients than controls. Treating the bowel pattern is therefore an important part of preventing recurrence. [17]
Do flavonoids or diosmin help piles?
Specific medicinal flavonoid preparations such as MPFF have evidence for reducing some haemorrhoid symptoms, including bleeding, but study quality and formulations vary. This should not be confused with a claim that ordinary citrus intake or any flavonoid supplement will have the same effect. [19][20]
When should I see a doctor about piles?
Seek review if symptoms are worsening, recurring or not improving with home care. Get urgent help for severe pain, fever/pus, painless rectal bleeding, non-stop bleeding, a large amount of blood or clots. New unexplained bleeding should not simply be assumed to be piles. [12]
When the same pile pattern keeps returning
Recurrent piles are usually more useful homeopathically than one isolated flare because the same pattern often repeats: dry purple fullness with backache, dark bruised bleeding, hours of raw after-pain, constipation-and-straining flares, grape-like prolapse with weak control, or extreme touch sensitivity.
If several remedies overlap, piles keep returning, or the rectal symptoms sit within a wider pattern of chronic constipation, IBS-type bowel dysfunction, pregnancy, venous problems, liver/digestive symptoms or skin/fissure complaints, a consultation can consider the full pattern while appropriate bowel and colorectal care continues.
References
- Qandil, I. (n.d.) ‘Aesculus’, IQ Homeopathy. Available at: https://www.iqhomeopathy.com/materia-medica/aesculus/ (Accessed: 24 August 2026).
- Qandil, I. (n.d.) ‘Hamamelis virginiana’, IQ Homeopathy. Available at: https://www.iqhomeopathy.com/materia-medica/hamamelis-virginiana/ (Accessed: 24 August 2026).
- Qandil, I. (n.d.) ‘Paeonia officinalis’, IQ Homeopathy. Available at: https://www.iqhomeopathy.com/materia-medica/paeonia-officinalis/ (Accessed: 24 August 2026).
- Qandil, I. (n.d.) ‘Collinsonia canadensis’, IQ Homeopathy. Available at: https://www.iqhomeopathy.com/materia-medica/collinsonia-canadensis/ (Accessed: 24 August 2026).
- Qandil, I. (n.d.) ‘Aloe socotrina’, IQ Homeopathy. Available at: https://www.iqhomeopathy.com/materia-medica/aloe-socotrina/ (Accessed: 24 August 2026).
- Qandil, I. (n.d.) ‘Muriaticum acidum’, IQ Homeopathy. Available at: https://www.iqhomeopathy.com/materia-medica/muriaticum-acidum/ (Accessed: 24 August 2026).
- Qandil, I. (n.d.) ‘Rhatanhia’, IQ Homeopathy. Available at: https://www.iqhomeopathy.com/materia-medica/rhatanhia/ (Accessed: 24 August 2026).
- Qandil, I. (n.d.) ‘Sulphur’, IQ Homeopathy. Available at: https://www.iqhomeopathy.com/materia-medica/sulphur/ (Accessed: 24 August 2026).
- Qandil, I. (n.d.) ‘Calcarea fluorica’, IQ Homeopathy. Available at: https://www.iqhomeopathy.com/materia-medica/calcarea-fluorica/ (Accessed: 24 August 2026).
- Qandil, I. (n.d.) ‘Carduus marianus’, IQ Homeopathy. Available at: https://www.iqhomeopathy.com/materia-medica/carduus-marianus/ (Accessed: 24 August 2026).
- Qandil, I. (n.d.) ‘Polygonum’, IQ Homeopathy. Available at: https://www.iqhomeopathy.com/materia-medica/polygonum/ (Accessed: 24 August 2026).
- NHS (2026) ‘Piles (haemorrhoids)’. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/piles-haemorrhoids/ (Accessed: 24 August 2026).
- Qureshi, W., Hoang, S., Frye, J. and Rao, S.S.C. (2026) ‘AGA Clinical Practice Update on Diagnosis and Treatment of Hemorrhoids: Expert Review’, Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 24(7), pp. 1773–1781. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2026.04.008.
- Ashburn, J.H. (2025) ‘Hemorrhoidal Disease: A Review’, JAMA, 334(17), pp. 1541–1550. doi:10.1001/jama.2025.13083.
- Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust (2023) ‘Piles (haemorrhoids): Lifestyle changes’. Available at: https://www.guysandstthomas.nhs.uk/health-information/piles-haemorrhoids/lifestyle-changes (Accessed: 24 August 2026).
- Alonso-Coello, P., Mills, E., Heels-Ansdell, D., López-Yarto, M., Zhou, Q., Johanson, J.F. and Guyatt, G. (2006) ‘Fiber for the treatment of hemorrhoids complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, American Journal of Gastroenterology, 101(1), pp. 181–188. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.00359.x.
- Kalkdijk, J., Broens, P., Ten Broek, R. et al. (2022) ‘Functional constipation in patients with hemorrhoids: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 34(8), pp. 813–822. doi:10.1097/MEG.0000000000002361.
- Lang, D.S.P., Tho, P.C. and Ang, E.N.K. (2011) ‘Effectiveness of the Sitz bath in managing adult patients with anorectal disorders’, Japan Journal of Nursing Science, 8(2), pp. 115–128. doi:10.1111/j.1742-7924.2011.00175.x.
- Sheikh, P., Lohsiriwat, V. and Shelygin, Y. (2020) ‘Micronized Purified Flavonoid Fraction in Hemorrhoid Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis’, Advances in Therapy, 37, pp. 2792–2812. doi:10.1007/s12325-020-01353-7.
- Lohsiriwat, V., Sheikh, P., Bandolon, R. et al. (2023) ‘Recurrence Rates and Pharmacological Treatment for Hemorrhoidal Disease: A Systematic Review’, Advances in Therapy, 40, pp. 117–132. doi:10.1007/s12325-022-02351-7.
- Pitesa, R., Yuen, W.Y.R. and Hill, A.G. (2024) ‘Flavonoids and post haemorrhoidectomy recovery: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, ANZ Journal of Surgery, 94(9), pp. 1480–1490. doi:10.1111/ans.19116.
- Picciariello, A., Rinaldi, M., Grossi, U. and Gallo, G. (2022) ‘Management and Treatment of External Hemorrhoidal Thrombosis’, Frontiers in Surgery, 9, 898850. doi:10.3389/fsurg.2022.898850.
- Martins, M.A.B., de Almeida, L.F.C., Cappellaro, A.P. et al. (2026) ‘Operative versus nonoperative treatment of thrombosed external hemorrhoids: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, Updates in Surgery, 78(1), pp. 169–175. doi:10.1007/s13304-025-02302-1.
- NHS (2024) ‘Piles in pregnancy’. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/common-symptoms/piles/ (Accessed: 24 August 2026).
- Giuliani, A., Romano, L., Lazzarin, G. et al. (2020) ‘Relationship between haemorrhoidal grade and toilet habits’, Annali Italiani di Chirurgia, 91, pp. 192–195. PMID:31996480.
- Trieu, R.Q., Prott, G., Sequeira, C. et al. (2023) ‘Using a footstool does not aid simulated defecation in undifferentiated constipation: a randomized trial’, Neurogastroenterology & Motility, 35(7), e14580. doi:10.1111/nmo.14580.
- NHS (2025) ‘Anal pain’. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/symptoms/anal-pain/ (Accessed: 24 August 2026).
- American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (n.d.) ‘Hemorrhoids: Expanded Information’. Available at: https://www.fascrs.org/Web/Patients/Diseases-and-Conditions/A-Z/Hemorrhoids-Expanded-Information.aspx (Accessed: 24 August 2026).



